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- $Unique_ID{BRK03933}
- $Pretitle{}
- $Title{Leukemia, Chronic Myelogenous}
- $Subject{Leukemia, Chronic Myelogenous Chronic Myeloid Leukemia Chronic
- Granulocytic Leukemia Chronic Myelocytic Leukemia GML CGL Polycythemia Vera
- Myelofibrosis-Osteosclerosis}
- $Volume{}
- $Log{}
-
- Copyright (C) 1989, 1990, 1991, 1992, 1993 National Organization for Rare
- Disorders, Inc.
-
- 695:
- Leukemia, Chronic Myelogenous
-
- ** IMPORTANT **
- It is possible that the main title of the article (Chronic Myelogenous
- Leukemia) is not the name you expected. Please check the SYNONYM listing to
- find the alternate names and disorder subdivisions covered by this article.
-
- Synonyms
-
- Chronic Myeloid Leukemia
- Chronic Granulocytic Leukemia
- Chronic Myelocytic Leukemia
- GML
- CGL
-
- Information on the following diseases can be found in the Related
- Disorders section of this report:
-
- Polycythemia Vera
- Myelofibrosis-Osteosclerosis
-
- General Discussion
-
- ** REMINDER **
- The information contained in the Rare Disease Database is provided for
- educational purposes only. It should not be used for diagnostic or treatment
- purposes. If you wish to obtain more information about this disorder, please
- contact your personal physician and/or the agencies listed in the "Resources"
- section of this report.
-
-
- Chronic myelogenous leukemia is characterized by an excessive amount of
- white blood cells in the bone marrow, spleen, liver and blood. As the
- disease progresses, the leukemic cells invade other areas of the body
- including the intestinal tract, kidneys, lungs, gonads and lymph nodes.
-
- There are two phases to chronic myelogenous leukemia. The first phase,
- or chronic phase, is characterized by an overproduction of white blood cells.
- An advanced phase is called the acute phase or blast crisis. At this point,
- over 50% of the cells in the bone marrow are immature malignant cells (blast
- cells or promelocytes). In the acute phase, the leukemia is very aggressive
- and does not respond well to therapy. Approximately 85% of all patients with
- chronic myelogenous leukemia enter the acute phase.
-
- Symptoms
-
- Many patients with chronic myelogenous leukemia show nonspecific symptoms at
- the time of diagnosis. The most common symptoms are fatigue, weakness,
- itchiness, night sweats, abdominal discomfort or weight loss. An enlarged
- spleen is usually discovered upon physical examination. Chronic myelogenous
- leukemia is commonly diagnosed when a patient is undergoing blood tests for
- some other reason.
-
- When the acute phase of chronic myelogenous leukemia occurs, the patient
- experiences severe weight loss, high fever, bone pain, enlargement of the
- liver and spleen, pain in the joints (arthralgia), excess calcium in the
- blood and hemorrhages appearing as patches of purplish discoloration on the
- skin and mucous membranes.
-
- Causes
-
- The exact cause of chronic myelogenous leukemia is not known. It is believed
- that in some cases excessive exposure to radiation increases an individual's
- chances of developing the disease.
-
- Blood samples of patients with chronic myelogenous leukemia show the
- presence of abnormal and useless cells that reproduce more rapidly than
- normal cells. Ninety percent of these neoplastic cells show a consistent
- rearrangement of chromosomes. This rearrangement is the result of a
- transference of genetic material from chromosome 22 to chromosome 9 and vice
- versa. As a result of this transference, chromosome 22 ends up shorter than
- normal. This shortened chromosome is known as the Philadelphia chromosome,
- and the possibility that it plays a role in the onset of the disease or in
- the reproduction of neoplastic cells is being investigated.
-
- Affected Population
-
- Chronic myelogenous leukemia is slightly more prevalent in males than in
- females. It may occur at any age, but predominately appears between the 30's
- and 40's.
-
- Related Disorders
-
- Symptoms of the following disorders can be similar to those of chronic
- myelogenous leukemia. Comparisons may be useful for a differential diagnosis:
-
- Polycythemia Vera is a chronic disorder of the bone marrow. It is
- characterized by an increase in the number of red blood cells
- (erythrocytosis) and hemoglobin concentration in the blood. The initial
- symptoms are fatigue, drowsiness, itchiness and dizziness. (For more
- information on this disorder, choose "Polycythemia" as your search term in
- the Rare Disease Database).
-
- Myelofibrosis-Osteosclerosis is a disorder characterized by the growth of
- fibrous tissue in the bone marrow causing anemia, weakness and fatigue due to
- constant replacement of normal bone marrow cells. Episodes of severe pain in
- the abdomen, the bones and joints also may occur. (For more information on
- this disorder, choose "Myelofibrosis" as your search term in the Rare Disease
- Database).
-
- There are many other types of leukemia that may mimic chronic myelogenous
- leukemia. The leukemias are malignant disorders of white blood cells.
-
- Therapies: Standard
-
- Treatment of chronic myelogenous leukemia includes radiation therapy to the
- spleen and chemotherapy. The objective is to reduce both the spleen size and
- the white blood cell count, inducing a remission. The most commonly
- prescribed drugs are hydroxyurea or busulfan.
-
- Since decreasing the bone marrow's production of white blood cells does
- not ordinarily change the natural course of chronic myelogenous leukemia
- toward the acute stage, more aggressive therapies are also being tried.
- These include other chemotherapeutic drugs, early removal of the spleen, and
- bone marrow transplantation. The most success has been achieved with bone
- marrow transplantation.
-
- The best recipients for bone marrow transplantation are under the age of
- 40. Transplantation must be done before the onset of the acute phase of
- chronic myelogenous leukemia, since successful results of marrow
- transplantation after the acute phase has begun are not as high.
-
- The acute phase of chronic myelogenous leukemia proceeds aggressively and
- rapidly. Some patients seem to respond temporarily to vincristine and
- prednisone therapy, but in general chemotherapy may be ineffective. There is
- less chance of a second remission during the acute phase.
-
- The FDA recently approved the orphan drug Idamycin (Idarubicin
- hydrochloride) for use in the treatment of Chronic Myelogenous Leukemia.
- Idarubicin is manufactured by Adria Laboratories.
-
- Other treatment is symptomatic and supportive.
-
- Therapies: Investigational
-
- Interferon Alfa-2a, Recombinant (Roferon-A) is a new orphan drug being used
- in the treatment of Chronic Myelogenous leukemia (CML). It is manufactured
- by Hoffman-LaRoche, Inc., 340 Kingsland St., Nutley, NJ 07110. Of ninety-six
- patients treated with this therapy, remission occurred in seventy for up to a
- period of thirty months.
-
- Amgen, Inc., 1840 Dehavilland Dr., Thousand Oaks, CA, 91320, is
- developing an orphan drug to be used in the treatment of myelodysplastic
- syndromes. The name of the drug is Recombinant-Methionyl Granulocyte-Colony
- Stimulating Factor (Neupogen).
-
- The Office of Orphan Products Development gave a New Grant Award to Dr.
- Walter A. Blatter in 1990 for his work with immunotherapy of Myelcid Leukemia
- using Anti-9-blocked Ricin Immunoconjugate. Dr. Blatter is with ImmunoGen,
- Inc. of Cambridge, MA.
-
- For acute attacks of CML, Medarex, Inc., 12 Commerce Ave., West Lebanon,
- NH, 03784, has developed the biologic Monoclonal Antibody PM81.
-
- Idarubicin (Idamycin) is a new orphan product being used in the treatment
- of Chronic Myelogenous Leukemia. The drug is manufactured by:
-
- Adria Laboratories
- P.O. Box 16529
- Columbus, OH 42316-6529
-
- This disease entry is based upon medical information available through
- April 1992. Since NORD's resources are limited, it is not possible to keep
- every entry in the Rare Disease Database completely current and accurate.
- Please check with the agencies listed in the Resources section for the most
- current information about this disorder.
-
- Resources
-
- For more information on Chronic Myelogenous Leukemia, please contact:
-
- National Organization for Rare Disorders (NORD)
- P.O. Box 8923
- New Fairfield, CT 06812-1783
- (203) 746-6518
-
- Leukemia Society of America
- 733 Third Avenue
- New York, NY 10017
- (212) 573-8484
-
- American Cancer Society
- 1599 Clifton Rd., NE
- Atlanta, GA 30329
- (404) 320-3333
-
- NIH/National Cancer Institute
- 9000 Rockville Pike, Bldg. 31, Rm. 1A2A
- Bethesda, MD 20892
- 1-800-4-CANCER
-
- The National Cancer Institute has developed PDQ (Physician Data Query), a
- computerized database designed to give the public, cancer patients and
- families, and health professionals quick and easy access to many types of
- information vital to patients with this and many other types of cancer. To
- gain access to this service, call:
-
- Cancer Information Service (CIS)
- 1-800-4-CANCER
- In Washington, DC and suburbs in Maryland and Virginia, 636-5700
- In Alaska, 1-800-638-6070
- In Oahu, Hawaii, (808) 524-1234 (Neighbor islands call collect)
-
- References
-
- INTERNAL MEDICINE, 2nd Ed.: Jay H. Stein, ed.-in-chief; Little, Brown and
- Co., 1987. Pp. 1081-1083.
-
- THE MERCK MANUAL, Volume 1, 14th Ed.: Robert Berkow, M.D. ed.-in-chief;
- Merck, Sharp & Dohme Laboratories., 1982. Pp. 755-756.
-
- BLAST CRISIS Of PHILADELPHIA CHROMOSOME-POSITIVE CHRONIC MYELOCYTIC
- LEUKEMIA (CML). B. Anger et al; BLUT, (Sep. 1988; 57(3):131-7.
-
- BONE MARROW TRANSPLANTATION FOR CHRONIC MYELOGENOUS LEUKEMIA IN CHRONIC
- PHASE. J.M. Goldman et al; ANN INTERN MED, (Jun 1988; 108(6):806-14.
-
- INTERFERON-ALPHA PRODUCES SUSTAINED CYTOGENIC RESPONSES IN CHRONIC
- MYELOGENOUS LEKUEMIA., M. Talpaz, et al., Ann Intern Med, (April 1, 1991,
- issue 114). Pp. 532-538.
-
-